{"id":235,"date":"2024-10-24T21:17:24","date_gmt":"2024-10-24T13:17:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.faspand.top\/?p=235"},"modified":"2024-10-24T21:17:24","modified_gmt":"2024-10-24T13:17:24","slug":"%e5%b0%86%e5%a4%a7%e8%af%ad%e8%a8%80%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e7%94%a8%e4%ba%8e%e6%97%b6%e5%ba%8f%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.faspand.top\/index.php\/2024\/10\/24\/%e5%b0%86%e5%a4%a7%e8%af%ad%e8%a8%80%e6%a8%a1%e5%9e%8b%e7%94%a8%e4%ba%8e%e6%97%b6%e5%ba%8f%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e5%88%86%e6%9e%90\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5c06\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\u7528\u4e8e\u65f6\u5e8f\u6570\u636e\u5206\u6790"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>1.LLM\u65f6\u5e8f\u5206\u6790\u9762\u4e34\u6311\u6218<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u53ef\u8fc1\u79fb\u6027<\/strong>\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u5177\u6709\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u548c\u8d8b\u52bf\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u968f\u673a\u6027\u6216\u566a\u58f0\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u504f\u79fb\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7279\u5f81\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u9886\u57df\u6216\u540c\u4e00\u9886\u57df\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5dee\u5f02\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u6a21\u578b\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u8868\u793a\u8fc1\u79fb\u7684\u96be\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u6570\u636e\u7a00\u758f\u6027\u6709\u5173<\/strong>\u3002\u4f20\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u56e0\u6309\u65e5\u3001\u6708\u6216\u5e74\u6536\u96c6\u800c\u7a00\u758f\uff0c\u4e14\u53d7\u9690\u79c1\u9650\u5236\uff0c\u5982\u5fc3\u7535\u56fe\u5206\u7c7b\u6570\u636e\u83b7\u53d6\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u6570\u636e\u7a00\u7f3a\u6027\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u5f80\u5f80\u4e0d\u8db3\u4ee5\u652f\u6301\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u5b66\u4e60\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e2a\u6311\u6218\u4e0e\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u5b66\u4e60\u6709\u5173<\/strong>\u3002\u5728\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u6574\u5408\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u6001\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u63d0\u5347\u6a21\u578b\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u80a1\u7968\u8d70\u52bf\u9884\u6d4b\u4e2d\u6574\u5408\u793e\u4ea4\u5a92\u4f53\u4fe1\u606f\u53ef\u63d0\u9ad8\u9884\u6d4b\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3002\u4f46\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u9891\u7387\u6216\u95f4\u9694\u7684\u591a\u6a21\u6001\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50\u4ee5\u53cd\u6620\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u5177\u6709\u6311\u6218\u6027\uff0c\u4e14\u4e0d\u540c\u6a21\u6001\u9700\u4e0d\u540c\u6280\u672f\u6355\u83b7\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u6574\u5408\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4fe1\u606f\u81f3\u8fde\u8d2f\u6a21\u578b\u590d\u6742\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u53ef\u89e3\u91ca\u6027\u4e5f\u662f\u9ad8\u5ea6\u9700\u8981\u7684<\/strong>\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u751f\u6210\u9884\u6d4b\u6216\u8bc6\u522b\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u91ca\u80fd\u663e\u8457\u63d0\u5347\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6548\u7528\u548c\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u6027\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u516c\u7528\u4e8b\u4e1a\u516c\u53f8\u9700\u5411\u76d1\u7ba1\u673a\u6784\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u8005\u8bc1\u660e\u5176\u80fd\u6e90\u9700\u6c42\u9884\u6d4b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6a21\u578b\u591a\u4e3a\u9ed1\u76d2\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u6a21\u578b\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2.\u65f6\u5e8f\u6570\u636e<\/h2>\n<p>\u5c31<strong>\u901a\u9053\u6570<\/strong>\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u5206\u4e3a\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u548c\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u957f\u5ea6\u4e3a T \u7684\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6837\u672c $X = \\lbrace x_t \\rbrace_{t \\in \\lbrace 1, \\dots, T\\rbrace} \\in \\mathbb{R}$<br \/>\n\uff0c$x_t$\u662f\u5728\u65f6\u95f4\u6233 t \u91c7\u96c6\u5230\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5177\u6709N\u7ef4\u7684\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6837\u672c$ X=\\lbrace x_t \\rbrace_{t\\in &#123;1,&#8230;T&#125;} \\in \\mathbb{R}^{N\\times T}$ ,\u6bcf\u6761\u8bb0\u5f55$x_t$\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u6233 t \u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8981\u5904\u7406\u591a\u5143\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u901a\u9053\uff0c\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u7b56\u7565[112]\uff1a\u901a\u9053\u6df7\u5408\u548c\u901a\u9053\u72ec\u7acb\u3002\u5728\u901a\u9053\u6df7\u5408\u7b56\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u9996\u5148\u628a\u591a\u4e2a\u901a\u9053\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u9690\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u901a\u9053\u878d\u5408\u3002\u5728\u901a\u9053\u72ec\u7acb\u7b56\u7565\u4e2d\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u5c06\u5355\u72ec\u5904\u7406\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4fe1\u9053\uff0c\u8fd9\u8868\u660e\u6240\u6709\u4fe1\u9053\u5171\u4eab\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4e0e\u6295\u5f71\u5668\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u591a\u5143\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u901a\u9053\u6570\u91cf\u7684\u901a\u9053\u6df7\u5408\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u901a\u9053\u72ec\u7acb\u914d\u7f6e\u53ef\u4ee5\u8f7b\u677e\u5904\u7406\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u901a\u9053\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4fe1\u9053\u65e0\u5173\u6027\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u5e26\u6709\u57df\u8f6c\u79fb\u6216\u6a21\u578b\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u3002  \u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e3b\u6d41\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u4efb\u52a1\u5305\u62ec\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u9884\u6d4b\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4f30\u7b97\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5f02\u5e38\u68c0\u6d4b\uff08\u5982\u56fe\u6240\u793a\uff09<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.nozomicloud.top\/blog\/article\/image-20241024175155586.png\" alt=\"\u5178\u578b\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u4efb\u52a1\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u4f30\u7b97\u3001\u5f02\u5e38\u68c0\u6d4b\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u3002\" \/><\/p>\n<p>TS(Time-series)\u6570\u636e\u5177\u6709\u4ee5\u4e0b\u5c5e\u6027\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Temporal Dependency\uff1a\u6309\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u6536\u96c6\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u5177\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u89c2\u6d4b\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9884\u6d4b\u672a\u6765\u503c\u7684\u6307\u6807\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u6a21\u578b\u901a\u5e38\u9700\u8981\u5c06\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5b50\u5e8f\u5217\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u8fa8\u522b\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5b9e\u9645\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u4f1a\u8868\u73b0\u51fa<strong>\u975e\u5e73\u7a33\u6027<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u5b63\u8282\u6027<\/strong>\u7b49\u7279\u5f81\u3002  \u975e\u5e73\u7a33\u6027\u6307\u7684\u662f\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u7edf\u8ba1\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5982\u5176\u5206\u5e03\u968f\u65f6\u95f4\u800c\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u7ed9\u9884\u6d4b\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5728\u6570\u636e\u751f\u6210\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fc7\u53bb\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u6301\u7eed\u4e0b\u53bb.\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u662f\u65f6\u95f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5b83\u5305\u62ec\u5728\u56fa\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u5185\uff08\u6bcf\u5929\u3001\u6bcf\u5468\u3001 \u6bcf\u6708\u6216\u6bcf\u5e74\uff09\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u4e00\u81f4\u4e14\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\u3002\u8bc6\u522b\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u5b63\u8282\u6027\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5468\u671f\u6027\u6a21\u5f0f\u548c\u4e00\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u4fe1\u606f\u7eb3\u5165\u9884\u6d4b\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6539\u8fdb\u5bf9\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u589e\u5f3a\u5efa\u6a21\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Spatial Dependency\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u5355\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ee3\u8868\u590d\u6742\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5b9e\u4f53\u3002\u5e8f\u5217\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6574\u4f53\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u6a21\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002  \u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u591a\u5143\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e9b\u53d8\u91cf\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u4e3a\u6a21\u578b\u6784\u5efa\u63d0\u4f9b\u5145\u8db3\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u3002\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u5efa\u6a21\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63ed\u793a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u9690\u85cf\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Semantics Diversity\uff1aUnlike image and text data, where consistent semantics can often be found across different  domains (with each word or visual patch representing similar meanings in various sentences or images), time series data  lacks this uniformity. Identical subsequences or shapelets in time series datasets can represent entirely different concepts  depending on the context. This variability complicates the process of learning representations and transferring models in  time series analysis, presenting unique challenges to accurately interpret and utilize the data. (\u76f8\u540c\/\u76f8\u8fd1\u7684\u8d8b\u52bf\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u80cc\u666f\u4e0b\u53cd\u6620\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0d\u4e00\u6837)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>3.\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5173\u952e\u9636\u6bb5<\/h2>\n<p>\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\uff08foundation model\uff09\u662f\u6307\u5728\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u591a\u6837\u5316\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u8bad\u7ec3\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5fae\u8c03\u9002\u5e94\u591a\u79cd\u4e0b\u6e38\u4efb\u52a1\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u6e90\u81ea\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u7ed3\u5408\u4e86\u81ea\u6211\u76d1\u7763\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u8fc1\u79fb\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u89c4\u6a21\u589e\u5927\uff0c\u5c55\u73b0\u51fa\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u96f6\u6b21\/\u5c11\u6b21\u5b66\u4e60\u53ca\u94fe\u5f0f\u601d\u8003\u63a8\u7406\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u5728NLP\u548cCV\u9886\u57df\u8868\u73b0\u7a81\u51fa\u3002\u4e0eLLM\u4e13\u7cbe\u4e0eNLP\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u591a\u9886\u57df\u5747\u6709\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f20\u7edf\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u56e0\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u8db3\uff0c\u96be\u4ee5\u8bad\u7ec3\u590d\u6742\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u793e\u533a\u671f\u5f85\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u5728\u6709\u9650\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u5c55\u73b0\u4f18\u5f02\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1NLP\u548cCV\u9886\u57df\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc5\u901f\uff0c\u4f46\u57fa\u4e8e\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u8f83\u5c11\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u56e0\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u89c4\u6a21\u5c0f\u3002\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5df2\u6709\u5982ForecastPFN\u3001TimeGPT\u7b49\u6a21\u578b\u51fa\u73b0\uff0c\u88681\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Model<\/th>\n<th>Parameter Size<\/th>\n<th>Transformer Mode<\/th>\n<th>Channel Setting<\/th>\n<th>Task Type<\/th>\n<th>Pre-trained Dataset<\/th>\n<th>Data Size<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>ForecastPFN<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Encoder-only<\/td>\n<td>Uni.<\/td>\n<td>Fore.<\/td>\n<td>Synthetic Data<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TimeGPT<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Encoder-decoder<\/td>\n<td>Uni.<\/td>\n<td>Fore.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>100 B time points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TimesFM<\/td>\n<td>225M<\/td>\n<td>Decoder-only<\/td>\n<td>Uni.<\/td>\n<td>Fore.<\/td>\n<td>Google Trends, Wiki Pageviews, Synthetic Data<\/td>\n<td>101 B time points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Lag-Llama<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Decoder-only<\/td>\n<td>Uni.<\/td>\n<td>Fore.<\/td>\n<td>Monash<\/td>\n<td>0.3 B time points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TimeCLR<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>Encoder-only<\/td>\n<td>Uni.<\/td>\n<td>Class.<\/td>\n<td>UCR<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>GTT<\/td>\n<td>57M<\/td>\n<td>Encoder-only<\/td>\n<td>Multi.<\/td>\n<td>Fore.<\/td>\n<td>&#8211;<\/td>\n<td>2.4 B time points<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>3.1 \u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406<\/h3>\n<h4>3.1.1 \u6570\u636e\u6536\u96c6<\/h4>\n<p>\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff08LLMs\uff09\u7684\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u5f97\u76ca\u4e8e\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u3001\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6587\u672c\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002\u540c\u6837\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4e14\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u6784\u5efa\u6709\u6548\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u62c6\u5206<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u6784\u5efa\u9075\u5faa\u6807\u51c6\u534f\u8bae\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u88ab\u5206\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u548c\u9a8c\u8bc1\u96c6\u3002\u5728\u5fae\u8c03\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4f1a\u63a5\u89e6\u5230\u5728\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u9636\u6bb5\u672a\u89c1\u8fc7\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u88ab\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u8bad\u7ec3\u96c6\u3001\u9a8c\u8bc1\u96c6\u548c\u6d4b\u8bd5\u96c6\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u548c\u89c4\u6a21<\/strong>\uff1a\u5728\u73b0\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u9884\u6d4b\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0cLag-Llama\u5728Monash\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e0a\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0cGTT\u6536\u96c6\u4e86180,000\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\uff0cTimesFM\u9009\u62e9Google\u8d8b\u52bf\u7b49\u6570\u636e\u6e90\uff0cTimeGPT\u6784\u5efa\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc71000\u4ebf\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u7684\u4ed3\u5e93\uff0c\u4f46\u672a\u516c\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u6570\u636e\u589e\u5f3a<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e3a\u4e86\u6269\u5927\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u6570\u636e\u96c6\uff0c\u73b0\u6709\u5de5\u4f5c\u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u6570\u636e\u589e\u5f3a\u6280\u672f\u3002Lag-Llama \u4f7f\u7528 Freq-Mix \u548c Freq-Mask \u6765\u751f\u6210\u66f4\u591a\u7684\u8bad\u7ec3\u6837\u672c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u8fc7\u62df\u5408\u3002TimeCLR \u91c7\u7528\u4e86\u6570\u636e\u589e\u5f3a\u6280\u672f\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6296\u52a8\u3001\u65f6\u95f4\u626d\u66f2\u3001\u88c1\u526a\uff09\u6765\u751f\u6210\u66f4\u591a\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u4f7f\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u626d\u66f2\u3001\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u566a\u58f0\u7c7b\u578b\u7b49\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53d8\u6027\u3002ForecastPFN \u4e0d\u662f\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5b8c\u5168\u5408\u6210\u7684\u6570\u636e\u5206\u5e03\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf<\/strong>\uff1a\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u5bf9\u4e8e\u786e\u4fdd\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6709\u6548\u6027\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u6311\u6218\u5305\u62ec\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\u3001\u566a\u58f0\u548c\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u6d88\u9664\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u68af\u5ea6\u7206\u70b8\u7684\u591a\u6837\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\uff0cForecastPFN \u9996\u5148\u63a9\u76d6\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u88c1\u526a\u6240\u6709 3\u03c3 \u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u3002\u7c7b\u4f3c\u5730\uff0cGTT \u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u9664\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u503c\u8d85\u8fc7 9 \u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u6765\u6d88\u9664\u6781\u7aef\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\n  <strong>3\u03c3\u51c6\u5219<\/strong> 3\u03c3\u51c6\u5219\u53c8\u79f0\u4e3a\u62c9\u4f9d\u8fbe\u51c6\u5219\u3002 \u6240\u8c133\u03c3\uff0c<strong>\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u88ab\u5b9a\u4e49\u4e3a\u5728\u4e00\u7ec4\u6d4b\u5b9a\u503c\u4e2d\u4e0e\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u7684\u03c3\uff08\u6807\u51c6\u504f\u5dee\uff09\u8d85\u8fc73\u500d\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u503c\u5c31\u88ab\u8ba4\u4e3a\u662f\u5f02\u5e38\u503c<\/strong>\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5f02\u5e38\u503c\u7684\u6982\u7387\u901a\u5e38\u5c0f\u4e8e0.3%\uff0c\u7528\u516c\u5f0f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u4e3ap(|x\u2212\u03bc|>3\u03c3)\u2a7d0.003 \u3002\n<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>3.1.2 \u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50<\/h4>\n<p>\u5728\u65f6\u5e8f\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50<\/strong>\uff08Data Alignment\uff09\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5173\u952e\u6b65\u9aa4\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5728\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u3001\u591a\u6e90\u6570\u636e\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u3002\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50\u662f\u6307\u5728\u5904\u7406\u591a\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u65f6\uff0c\u5c06\u4e0d\u540c\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u4f9d\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u7ef4\u5ea6\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u6b65\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u5206\u6790\u3001\u5efa\u6a21\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u591f\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u5404\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u5f02\u6784\u6570\u636e\u96c6\u4e0a\u9884\u8bad\u7ec3\uff0c\u9700\u5bf9\u9f50\u548c\u5e73\u8861\u4ee5\u589e\u5f3a\u6cdb\u5316\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5904\u7406\u9762\u4e34\u503c\u8303\u56f4\u53ef\u53d8\u6027\u7684\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u7f29\u653e\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e0d\u9002\u7528\u3002\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u540c\u6b65<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u591a\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u53ef\u80fd\u6765\u81ea\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u6216\u4ee5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b65\u662f\u786e\u4fdd\u6240\u6709\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u90fd\u6709\u4e00\u81f4\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u683c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u540c\u6b65\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u683c\u5f0f\u6807\u51c6\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u6233\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u683c\u5f0f\uff08\u5982UTC\uff09\u6216\u5355\u4f4d\uff08\u79d2\u3001\u5206\u949f\u3001\u5c0f\u65f6\u7b49\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5bf9\u9f50\u91c7\u6837\u9891\u7387<\/strong>\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u9891\u7387\uff08\u5982\u6bcf\u79d2\u3001\u6bcf\u5206\u949f\u3001\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9700\u8981\u8c03\u6574\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u91c7\u6837\u9891\u7387\u4f7f\u5176\u4e00\u81f4\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d2\u503c\u3001\u964d\u91c7\u6837\u6216\u91cd\u91c7\u6837\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong>\u63d2\u503c\u4e0e\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\u586b\u5145<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u9047\u5230\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u6216\u591a\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u9891\u7387\u4e0d\u540c\u6b65\u65f6\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u5904\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u7ebf\u6027\u63d2\u503c<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e24\u70b9\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u4f30\u8ba1\u7f3a\u5931\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u524d\u5411\u586b\u5145<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u540e\u5411\u586b\u5145<\/strong>\uff1a\u7528\u4e4b\u524d\u6216\u4e4b\u540e\u7684\u53ef\u7528\u503c\u586b\u5145\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6837\u6761\u63d2\u503c<\/strong>\uff1a\u5229\u7528\u591a\u9879\u5f0f\u6216\u6837\u6761\u51fd\u6570\u8fdb\u884c\u63d2\u503c\uff0c\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u7ebf\u6027\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u79fb\u52a8\u5e73\u5747<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u53d6\u524d\u540e\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u7684\u5747\u503c\u6765\u586b\u8865\u7f3a\u5931\u503c\uff0c\u5e73\u6ed1\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5bf9\u9f50<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u80fd\u5e76\u975e\u8fde\u7eed\u8bb0\u5f55\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u57fa\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u7279\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u6bcf\u5929\u3001\u6bcf\u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\u751f\u6210\u7684\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50\u9700\u8981\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u7684\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5e8f\u5217\u4e4b\u95f4\u5339\u914d\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5bf9\u9f50\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u5e38\u89c1\u65b9\u6cd5\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u56fa\u5b9a\u7a97\u53e3\u5bf9\u9f50<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u6240\u6709\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u6570\u636e\u5207\u5206\u4e3a\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\uff08\u59821\u5206\u949f\u30011\u5c0f\u65f6\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd\u6bcf\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5185\u6709\u53ef\u6bd4\u6570\u636e\u70b9\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6ed1\u52a8\u7a97\u53e3\u5bf9\u9f50<\/strong>\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u6ed1\u52a8\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u56fa\u5b9a\u4f46\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u8d77\u70b9\u662f\u9010\u6b65\u6ed1\u52a8\u7684\uff0c\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u6355\u6349\u5e8f\u5217\u4e2d\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u573a\u666f\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u53d8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u957f\u5ea6<\/strong>\uff08TimesFM\uff09\uff1a\u53ef\u53d8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u957f\u5ea6\u6307\u7684\u662f\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u6570\u636e\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u548c\u53d8\u5316\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u5904\u7406\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u7a97\u53e3\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4f7f\u7528\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u957f\u5ea6\u3002\u5728\u4f20\u7edf\u7684\u65f6\u5e8f\u6a21\u578b\u4e2d\uff0c\u7a97\u53e3\u957f\u5ea6\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u6ed1\u52a8\u7a97\u53e3\u3001\u79fb\u52a8\u5e73\u5747\u7b49\u3002\u800c\u5728 TimesFM \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u7a97\u53e3\u7684\u957f\u5ea6\u53ef\u4ee5\u6839\u636e\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u6a21\u5f0f\u52a8\u6001\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5f97\u6a21\u578b\u80fd\u591f\u66f4\u597d\u5730\u5904\u7406\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u7684\u77ed\u671f\u6ce2\u52a8\u548c\u957f\u671f\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u53d8\u5316\u901f\u5ea6<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u53d8\u5316\u8f83\u5feb\u65f6\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u91d1\u878d\u5e02\u573a\u7684\u6ce2\u52a8\uff09\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4f1a\u7f29\u77ed\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u957f\u5ea6\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u5feb\u901f\u6355\u6349\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u566a\u58f0\u6c34\u5e73<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u4e2d\u566a\u58f0\u8f83\u591a\u65f6\uff0cTimesFM \u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u8fdb\u884c\u5c40\u90e8\u5e73\u6ed1\u5904\u7406\uff1b\u5f53\u6570\u636e\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u6a21\u578b\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u7a97\u53e3\u5e73\u6ed1\u6574\u4f53\u8d8b\u52bf\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5377\u79ef\u5e73\u6ed1<\/strong>\uff1aCNN \u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u4e8e\u6355\u6349\u5c40\u90e8\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5377\u79ef\u6838\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4e0d\u540c\u5c3a\u5ea6\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u8bb0\u5fc6\u673a\u5236<\/strong>\uff1aLSTM \u6216 Transformer \u5141\u8bb8\u6a21\u578b\u8bb0\u4f4f\u957f\u65f6\u95f4\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u6839\u636e\u8f83\u957f\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6570\u636e\u8fdb\u884c\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u5e73\u6ed1\u5904\u7406\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><strong>\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\uff08Lag\uff09\u5904\u7406<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u5728\u67d0\u4e9b\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4e4b\u95f4\u53ef\u80fd\u5b58\u5728\u56e0\u679c\u5173\u7cfb\u6216\u65f6\u95f4\u6ede\u540e\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u5728\u6570\u5c0f\u65f6\u6216\u6570\u5929\u540e\u53d1\u751f\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7<strong>\u5f15\u5165\u6ede\u540e\u9879<\/strong>\u6765\u5bf9\u9f50\u8fd9\u4e9b\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u4ee5\u6355\u6349\u6ede\u540e\u6548\u5e94\u3002\u5e38\u89c1\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u662f\u624b\u52a8\u6216\u901a\u8fc7\u5efa\u6a21\u5bfb\u627e\u6700\u4f18\u6ede\u540e\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6570\u636e\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><strong>\u964d\u91c7\u6837\u4e0e\u5347\u91c7\u6837<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u964d\u91c7\u6837\uff08Downsampling\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9891\u7387\u8f83\u9ad8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u5e73\u5747\u503c\u3001\u6700\u5927\u503c\u3001\u6700\u5c0f\u503c\u7b49\u65b9\u5f0f\u5c06\u5176\u964d\u91c7\u6837\u81f3\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5e8f\u5217\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u9891\u7387\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u5347\u91c7\u6837\uff08Upsampling\uff09<\/strong>\uff1a\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6570\u636e\u9891\u7387\u8f83\u4f4e\u65f6\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u63d2\u503c\u6216\u6570\u636e\u5408\u6210\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5347\u91c7\u6837\uff0c\u4ee5\u4fbf\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u9ad8\u9891\u6570\u636e\u6e90\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol start=\"6\">\n<li><strong>\u6570\u636e\u53d8\u6362\u4e0e\u6807\u51c6\u5316<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u5728\u5bf9\u9f50\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u9700\u8981\u5bf9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u8fdb\u884c\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u6216\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5c3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8fdb\u884c\u5bf9\u6bd4\u3002\u8fd9\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u5f52\u4e00\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u7f29\u653e\u5230[0,1]\u7684\u8303\u56f4\u5185\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u4e0d\u540c\u91cf\u7eb2\u7684\u6570\u636e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u9f50\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u6807\u51c6\u5316<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u5747\u503c\u4e3a0\uff0c\u65b9\u5dee\u4e3a1\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u6b63\u6001\u5206\u5e03\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>GTT\u548cLag-Llama\u91c7\u7528\u7279\u5b9a\u6837\u672c\u5f52\u4e00\u5316\u6280\u672f\u63d0\u5347\u6a21\u578b\u4fbf\u5229\u6027\u3002GTT\u901a\u8fc7\u56fa\u5b9a\u901a\u9053\u6570\u548c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u957f\u5ea6\u5904\u7406\u591a\u901a\u9053\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u800cTimesFM\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u4e0a\u4e0b\u6587\u957f\u5ea6\u5b9e\u73b0\u6570\u636e\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6a21\u578b\u5bf9\u9f50\u7684\u5173\u952e\u63aa\u65bd\u5305\u62ec\u503c\u7f29\u653e\u3001\u5904\u7406\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u957f\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u591a\u901a\u9053\u6570\u636e\u548c\u5b9e\u65bd\u5e73\u8861\u91c7\u6837\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u9632\u6b62\u6027\u80fd\u4e0b\u964d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>3.2 \u67b6\u6784\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/h3>\n<h4>3.2.1 Backbone for Foundation Model.<\/h4>\n<p>A deep learning model can serve as the basis for a foundation model,  provided that its size can be scaled up. Scaling is indeed crucial for developing remarkably successful LLMs Due  to transformer architecture\u2019s outstanding capacity for parallelization, it allows scaling to a massive number of parameters,  making it the preferred backbone for LLMs.<\/p>\n<p>In the context of time series analysis, TimeCLR  compares several backbone models, including GRU, LSTM,  ResNet, and transformer, and finds that the transformer outperforms the alternatives. Ultimately, all the existing foundation models choose transformers as  their backbone models. The key differences among these transformer-based foundation models lie in the transformer  mode, input tokenization, and predictive objects. We will continue the discussion and comparisons in the following. Note  that additional potential architectures have been suggested in, including Transformer++ and State-Space Models.<\/p>\n<h4>3.2.2 Transformer Mode.<\/h4>\n<p>Transformer \u6a21\u578b\u5305\u62ec\u7f16\u7801\u5668\u548c\u89e3\u7801\u5668\uff0c\u6709\u4e09\u79cd\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a\u4ec5\u7f16\u7801\u5668\uff08\u5982BERT\uff09\u3001\u4ec5\u89e3\u7801\u5668\uff08\u5982GPT\u7cfb\u5217\uff09\u548c\u7f16\u7801\u5668-\u89e3\u7801\u5668\uff08\u5982BART\u548cT5\uff09\u3002\u4ec5\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u5728\u96f6\u6837\u672c\u548c\u5c11\u6837\u672c\u5b66\u4e60\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8272\uff0cGPT-3\u662f\u5178\u578b\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002\u4ec5\u7f16\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u9002\u5408\u5904\u7406\u6574\u4e2a\u8f93\u5165\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u5206\u7c7b\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u800c\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u987a\u5e8f\u751f\u6210\u4efb\u52a1\uff0c\u5982\u6587\u672c\u751f\u6210\u3002\u7f16\u7801\u5668-\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u578b\u56e0\u5176\u8f93\u5165\u8f93\u51fa\u5206\u79bb\u5728\u590d\u6742\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\u5360\u4f18\u3002GTT\u548cForecastPFN\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u9884\u6d4b\u5f00\u53d1\u4e86\u4ec5\u7f16\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u800cTimesFM\u548cLag-Llama\u9009\u62e9\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002TimeGPT\u91c7\u7528\u7f16\u7801\u5668-\u89e3\u7801\u5668\u6a21\u5f0f\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u590d\u6742\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<h4>3.2.3 Channel Setting.<\/h4>\n<p>Another issue relevant to the architecture design of time series foundation models is the  channel setting, specifically channel-independence and channel-mixing. Channel-independence refers to accept univariate  sequence input while channel-mixing involves the utilization of multivariate sequence input. These different channel  settings result in varied tokenization approaches for time sequences and necessitate distinct model designs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u901a\u9053\u72ec\u7acb<\/strong>\uff1a\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u6a21\u578b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u76f8\u5bf9\u7b80\u5355\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u7684\u901a\u9053\u6570\u53ef\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u591a\u6570\u7814\u7a76\u503e\u5411\u4e8e\u4f7f\u7528\u901a\u9053\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u6280\u672f\u5982PatchTST\u3001TimesFM\u3001Lag-Llama\u548cTimeCLR\u5c06\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5411\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u901a\u9053\u6df7\u5408<\/strong>\uff1a\u5c06\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u5206\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u4e2a\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e0d\u540c\u901a\u9053\/\u53d8\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u3002GTT\u4e3a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u9884\u6d4b\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u591a\u53d8\u91cf\u57fa\u7840\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u6e20\u9053\u53d8\u91cf\u91cd\u5851\u4e3a\u6279\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f97\u5230\u5355\u53d8\u91cf\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u5207\u6210\u7247\u6bb5\u3002\u5728\u63a8\u7406\u9636\u6bb5\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u901a\u9053\u53d8\u91cf\u5df2\u4e0e\u6279\u91cf\u5927\u5c0f\u878d\u5408\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6a21\u578b\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u901a\u9053\u6570\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>4 \u4f7fLLM\u5904\u7406\u65f6\u5e8f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5<\/h2>\n<p>\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684LLM\u9002\u5e94\u8303\u5f0f\uff1a\uff08a\uff09\u5d4c\u5165\u53ef\u89c1\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u91cd\u65b0\u8bbe\u8ba1LLM\u76f4\u63a5\u611f\u77e5\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u5d4c\u5165\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4efb\u52a1\u3002\uff08b\uff09\u6587\u672c\u53ef\u89c1\u5927\u8bed\u8a00\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u4ee5\u53e5\u5b50\u5bf9\u53e5\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u5236\u5b9a\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u8f93\u5165-\u8f93\u51fa\u6765\u9002\u5e94\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u4efb\u52a1\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/img.nozomicloud.top\/blog\/article\/image-20241024210905183.png\" alt=\"\u65f6\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u7684LLM\u9002\u5e94\u8303\u5f0f\" 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